TRUMP Chairman and President, The Trump Organization. Trump is the very definition of the American success story, continually setting the. NAACP legal definition of NAACPFounded in 1. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and now called simply NAACP is the oldest and largest Civil Rights organization in the United States. Headquartered in Baltimore, Maryland, with a staff of more than 2. NAACP works for the elimination of racial discrimination through Lobbying, legal action, and education. With its victories in landmark Supreme Court cases such as brown v. NAACP has been a leader in the effort to guarantee that African Americans and members of other racial minorities receive Equal Protection under the law. The NAACP grew out of race riots that occurred in Springfield, Illinois, in August 1. Shocked at the violence directed against African Americans by white mobs in Abraham Lincoln's hometown, William English Walling, a white socialist, wrote a magazine article that called for the formation of a group to come to the aid of African Americans. The following year, Walling met with two young white social workers, Mary White Ovington and Henry Moskowitz, and began planning a course of action. They enlisted the aid of Oswald Garrison Villard, grandson of the abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison, to publicize the Conference on the Status of the Negro, to be held that May. The conference drew several hundred people, many of whom would unite a year later as the NAACP. International Studies of Management & Organization publishes original research articles from around the world on significant topics in the field of manageme.Although originally the NAACP leadership was largely white, since the 1. African American. The organization drew many of its original white members from progressive and socialist ranks, and most of its first African American members through the leadership of the historian and sociologist w. Du Bois had led the Niagara Movement, an African American protest organization, since 1. NAACP. He was named director of publicity and research for the NAACP in 1. The Crisis, until 1. From the beginning, the NAACP made legal action on behalf of African Americans a top priority. It won early Supreme Court victories in Guinn v. United States, 2. U. S. 1. 34. 0 (1. Grandfather Clause as a means of disfranchising black voters, and in Buchanan v. R - - therein, shall be communicated as soon as possible to the other contracting States and to the International Civil Aviation Organization. Founded in 1909, the organization formerly known as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and now called simply NAACP is the oldest. Segregation in housing. The grandfather clause imposed a literacy test on persons who were not entitled to vote prior to 1. This meant that all slaves and their descendants had to pass a rigorous literacy test based on knowledge of the state constitution and other highly technical documents. Few, if any, African Americans passed the test. The NAACP appointed its first African American executive director, James Weldon Johnson, in 1. Under Johnson and his successor, Walter White, who led the organization from 1. NAACP worked for the passage of a federal antilynching law. Although unsuccessful in its efforts to pass a federal law, the NAACP brought public attention to the brutality of Lynching and helped to significantly reduce its occurrence. As a result, lynching—which is the infliction of punishment, usually hanging, by a mob without trial—is now illegal in every state. In 1. 94. 1 the NAACP established its Washington, D. C., bureau as the legislative advocacy and lobbying arm of the organization. The bureau does the strategic planning and coordination of NAACP political action and legislation program. It acts as the liaison between NAACP units and government agencies, and it coordinates the work of other organizations that support NAACP programs and proposals. The bureau sponsors the annual Legislative Mobilization which informs participants of the NAACP legislative agenda, monitors and advocates for NAACP civil rights and related legislation, and prepares an annual . In 1. 93. 4, the group hired Charles Hamilton Houston, an African American and dean of Howard Law School, as its first full- time attorney. The following year, Houston started a legal campaign to end school segregation. Houston was assisted by Thurgood Marshall, a young lawyer who would go on to argue many cases before the Supreme Court and in 1. African American appointed to the Court. In 1. 94. 0, the NAACP appointed Marshall director- counsel of its new legal branch, the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund (LDF). In 1. 95. 7, the LDF became a separate entity. After succeeding in Supreme Court cases concerning unequal salary scales for black teachers and segregation in graduate and professional schools, the NAACP achieved its most celebrated triumph before the Court in Brown, a decision that declared racial segregation in public schools to be unconstitutional. The Brown decision sparked another civil rights initiative, the Montgomery, Alabama, bus boycott of 1. The boycott catapulted martin luther king jr. By the early 1. 96. SCLC, the student nonviolent coordinating committee (SNCC), the congress of racial equality (CORE), and the National Urban League all promoted civil rights for African Americans. These groups adopted a direct- action approach to promoting African American interests by conducting highly publicized sit- ins and demonstrations. The NAACP, meanwhile, drew criticism for its devotion to traditional legal and political means for seeking social change. Although many viewed it as overly conservative in its civil rights approach, the NAACP helped pass important civil rights legislation such as the Civil Rights Act of 1. U. S. C. A. The NAACP remained an interracial group and spurned the call for black nationalism and separatism voiced by SNCC, the black panthers, and other groups that turned to blacks- only membership later in the 1. Unlike many of the more radical civil rights groups, the NAACP outlasted the turbulent 1. However, it experienced setbacks during the 1. Supreme Court cases such as Bradley v. Affirmative Action programs. He held that office until 1. Benjamin F. Leadership and funding problems plagued the NAACP during the mid- 1. After a Sexual Harassment suit was filed against Chavis in 1. NAACP board of National Association for the Advancement of Colored Peoplesource: NAACP web page; Simple Justice by Richard Kluger (1. W. Du Bois and others founded the Niagara Movement. Race riots erupted in Springfield, Illinois, Abraham Lincoln's hometown. On 1. 00th anniversary of Lincoln's birthday, more than sixty citizens issued a . Du Bois chosen as director of publicity and research and editor of the Crisis. NAACP incorporated. In Guinn v. United States, the Supreme Court struck down grandfather clauses in state constitutions as unconstitutional barriers to voting rights granted under the Fifteenth Amendment. Supreme Court barred municipal ordinances requiring racial segregation in housing in Buchanan v. Warley. 19. 20. NAACP appointed its first African American executive director, James Weldon Johnson. Supreme Court ruled in Moore v. Dempsey that exclusion of African Americans from a jury was inconsistent with the right to a fair trial. Walter White appointed to succeed Johnson as director of NAACP1. Charles Hamilton Houston hired as NAACP's first full- time attorney. Thurgood Marshall joined NAACP as special counsel. NAACP created separate legal arm, the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, and appointed Marshall as its director- counsel. Secretary of Army authorized first segregated airman unit, the 9. Squadron, better known as the Tuskegee Airmen. Marshall's team argued Shelley v. Kraemer, which struck down racially restrictive (land) covenants; President Truman abolished racial segregation in armed services by executive order. In Sweatt v. Painter, Supreme Court ruled racially segregated professional schools inherently unequal and therefore unconstitutional; first integrated combat units saw action in Korea. Marshall's team argued Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, which ruled racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional. Roy Wilkins appointed to succeed White as NAACP's executive director. Marshall appointed to U. S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit; Jack Greenberg succeeded Marshall as director of LDF1. NAACP lobbying led to passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1. NAACP lobbying led to passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1. Thurgood Marshall became first African American associate justice of the Supreme Court. NAACP lobbying led to passage of the Fair Housing Act of 1. U. S. Supreme Court declared existing capital punishment laws unconstitutional in Furman v. Georgia. 19. 74. NAACP experienced a setback when Supreme Court overturned efforts to integrate largely white suburban school districts with largely black urban districts in Milliken v. Bradley. 19. 76. Georgia, Florida, and Texas drafted new death penalty laws; Supreme Court upheld these new laws. Benjamin Hooks succeeded Wilkins as NAACP's executive director. Supreme Court placed limits on affirmative action programs in Regents of University of California v. Gibson as chairman of the NAACP board of directors. NAACP board appointed Kweisi Mfume, a U. S. The following year, it dismissed board chairman William F. Gibson and replaced him with Myrlie Evers- Williams, the widow of civil rights activist medgar evers. Seeking to put aside its troubles, on February 2. NAACP board appointed Kweisi Mfume, a U. S. To restore the organization's financial stability, Mfume cut back the national staff by one- third. Among its many tasks, the NAACP works on the local level to handle cases of racial discrimination; offers referral services, tutorials, and day care; sponsors the NAACP National Housing Corporation to help develop low- and moderate- income housing for families; offers programs to youths and prison inmates; and maintains a law library. It also lobbies Congress regarding the appointment of Supreme Court justices. The NAACP accepts people of all races and religions as members. In the early 2. 00. United States and around the world. The organization continues to struggle with the need to increase member- ship and retain relevancy while advocating for various civil rights issues. In 2. 00. 0 the board instituted mandatory training for NAACP local leadership. More than 1. 0,0. The NAACP has also taken steps to build coalitions with black youth.
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